Hello, My Name is Linda, I represent a group of Farmers and Wild Collectors. [1] The flowering racemes are typically confined to the lower part of the stem, so that the pods are usually suspended just above ground level, or alternatively rest inconspicuously on the ground. The genus Elephantorrhiza is in the family Leguminosae in the major group Angiosperms (Flowering plants). These results support the traditional use of E. elephantina in treating fungal infections associated with gastrointestinal tract infections. (3)Literature studies show that the major phytochemical compounds isolated from E. elephantina so far are mainly fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and esters, but very little attempt has been made to correlate the activities of these compounds with the ethnomedicinal uses of the species. Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Ee) and Pentanisia prunelloides (Pp), are two medicinal plants which are widely used to remedy various ailments in southern Africa. They occur widely and in several bioregions of southern Africa. Naidoo et al. [61] assessed antibacterial activities of other plant parts which included leaves and rhizomes. [50] and Mabona et al. Homonyms Elephantorrhiza elephantina Skeels Common names Elandsboontjie in language. The rhizome of E. elephantina is mixed with roots of Pentanisia prunelloides and taken orally as remedy for fever and stomach ailments in Zimbabwe [43]. Therefore, the two compounds epicatechin 14 and hexadecanoic acid 15 showed synergistically enhanced activity especially against Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. All the anthelmintic evaluations carried out so far [58–60] confirmed the anthelmintic activities of the root of E. elephantina, a plant species widely used as anthelmintic remedy by small-scale farmers in South Africa. The antibacterial activity of E. elephantina in combination with Pentanisia prunelloides were determined as a validation of their combined use in southern African traditional medicine. Similar results were obtained by Cueva et al. The antioxidant activities demonstrated by E. elephantina rhizome extracts are probably due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolics [74]. A. Chev. These records show high degree of consensus for the major diseases and ailments (Table 2) and imply high cross-cultural agreement among ethnomedicinal uses of E. elephantina throughout its distributional range. [76] observed decreased respiratory rate at higher doses of 1600 mg/kg, and, in subacute tests, the root extract of E. elephantina caused an increase in white blood cells, monocytes, and serum levels of creatinine at higher doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg. It made so little sense to me that I was convinced it was a herbaceous plant. E. elephantina is also known as elandsbean, or mupangara (in Shona), intolwane (in Xhosa and Zulu) and mositsane (in Sotho and Tswana) (Phillips, 1917; Jacot Guillarmod, 1971). elephantina is widely used by small-scale farmers in Botswana and South Africa as ethnoveterinary medicine for cattle, goats, horses, pigs, poultry, and sheep. [21] evaluated antifungal activities of root ethanol extracts of E. elephantina against Candida albicans and Candida mycoderma using the agar diffusion assay. In this study, E. elephantina caused reduction of Trichuris eggs on days 3 and 6 at 250 mg/kg dose. The species exhibited antifungal properties against both microorganisms tested and the authors assessed the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Candida albicans and E. elephantina showed some activity with MIC value of 1.25 mg/mL [21]. There is need to investigate the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of the bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds of E. B. Hansen (bark), and Ranunculus multifidus Forssk. But there is not yet enough data on ethnopharmacological evaluation and clinical research on the species and few evaluations of target-organ toxicity have been documented. Pax & K. Hoffm. In Mozambique, root decoction of E. elephantina is taken orally as a pain killer [25] and for sexually transmitted infections [45]. Phytochemical study of E. elephantina rhizomes by Mthembu [57] showed the presence of several phenolic compounds including catechin 3, gallic acid 5, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 9, methyl gallate 10, β-sitosterol 11, 3-O-galloyl-3,3′,5,5′,7-pentahydroxyflavone 12, taxifolin-3′-O-β-D-glucoside 13, and epicatechin 14. Mathabe et al. and Elephantorrhiza burchellii Benth. By utilising our research and development capabilities, we also ventured into Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) development and supporting API master files. Copyright © 2017 Alfred Maroyi. It is important to note that Nciki et al. Antibabesial and antirickettsial in vitro assay systems have been used to evaluate E. elephantina rhizome extracts. ssp. The country with the highest ethnomedicinal uses is South Africa (45) based on 25 literature records, followed by Lesotho with ten uses and two literature records, Botswana with nine uses and four literature records, Mozambique and Zimbabwe with five uses and two literature records each, and Namibia and Swaziland with a single use and literature record each. [1] Considerable size variation has been noted, and polyploidy was suspected. [72] showed that cell culture composed of anthraquinone 38 isolated from Rubia cordifolia L. exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, which is manifested by an antiexudative effect and antiproliferative action during the rapid development of a model edema. Ross,J.H. The rhizome decoction ofE. Consequently, the leaf is proposed as alternative for preservation and sustainable use. Skeels (Fabaceae) were investigated using wistar rats. Elephantorrhiza elephantina is commonly referred to as “elandsboontjie” in Afrikaans in South Africa and “eland’s bean” and “eland’s wattle” in English in Namibia and South Africa because elands feed on the species foliage and pods [19]. Chloroform rhizome extract of E. elephantina exhibited some degree of biological activity with LC50 value of 0.80 [54]. ); baswortel, elands-boontjie, leerbossie, looiersboontjie, and olifantswortel (Afr. Elephantorrhiza elephantinais used in southern Africa as traditional remedy for a wide range of human diseases and ailments including dermatological diseases, gastrointestinal system disorders, sexual dysfunction, sexually transmitted infections, and wounds. South Africa has the highest number of common or vernacular names (21 in total) followed by Botswana (seven), Namibia (five), and Zimbabwe with four names and the rest of the countries have either one or two names (Table 1). Elephantorrhiza elephantina Bruch Skeels is used by farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa to control Gastro-intestinal parasites in goats. Elephantorrhiza elephantina had the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents while Senecio longiflorus contained the lowest concentration of both phytochemicals. Elephantorrhiza elephantina root decoction is taken orally as emetics for fever in Mozambique [25] and South Africa [42]. Some plants used for this by Indigenous healers are Synaptolepsis Kirki, Sylene capensis, Elephantorrhiza Elephantina, Agapanthus, Helinus integrifolius (soap plant), Rhus paucifloris , Hippobromus Paucifloris, Maesa Lanceolata, amongst many. The following keywords were used to search literature sources: Acacia elephantina, Elephantorrhiza burchellii and Elephantorrhiza elephantina, dwarf elephant’s root, eland’s bean, eland’s wattle, and elephant’s foot. It list common diseases and suggest herbs that will benefit that disease. Anthocyanidins, anthraquinones, esters, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, polysterols, saponins, sugars, tannins, and triterpenoids have been demonstrated to be the main active ingredients of E. elephantina. Hyperlipidemia (HLP) is the No.1 risk factor for patients with atherosclerosis (AS) and is directly related to the occurrence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease. Elephantorrhiza elephantina is usually widespread, often gregarious and forming huge patches in hot and dry areas in grasslands and open scrub [6]. Maphosa et al. In addition to this, the perspectives for the future research on E. elephantina are also discussed in the hope that the article will provide a better understanding of the plant species. Elephantorrhiza elephantina is a medicinally important plant whose roots are used to control gastrointestinal parasites in goats. 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