Weed control at the early vegetative phase is a must in turmeric cultivation, and paucity of labor is an emerging phenomenon in many countries, including India, which leaves the option for herbicide use as an effective means to control weeds. Preemergence application of Lasso (another patented product) at the rate of 2 kg active ingredient per hectare in a turmeric field intercropped with pigeon pea or maize was more effective as compared to manual weeding (Mishra and Mishra, 1982). INTRODUCTION. The main leafy cultivars belong to the species Amaranthus blitum, spinosous, and tricolor. The pupae are dark brown or mahogany, and measure 15–21 mm long and 5–6 mm wide. According to Flora of Tropical East Africa. Spiny Amaranth has simple, broad leaves. The moth was included in a pictorial key by Capinera and Schaefer (1983). (2002) observed that Pendimethalin and Oxyflurofen, followed by manual weeding, resulted in 45% and 35% more rhizome yield, compared to unweeded control treatments. Amaranthus belongs to the Caryophyllales order, which includes also quinoa, spinach and beetroot. Amaranthus spinosus, commonly known as the spiny amaranth,[1] spiny pigweed, prickly amaranth or thorny amaranth, is a plant is native to the tropical Americas, but is present on most continents as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed. Habitat and Distribution > Distribution > Description. Amaranth seed in cross-(A) and longitudinal (B) sections. [3] It is valued also in Thai cuisine, where it is called phak khom (Thai: ผักขม). Total abundance similarly is greatest in June–November. Descriptions. Dark markings resembling a “T” occur on the abdomen, and two lateral and a medial yellow stripe are found on the thorax. Amaranthus spinosus L., Sp. (2009); nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor 5.85. Atriplex hortensis (orache). Polygonum orientale (Prince's feather).The seeds are eaten in China. cristata (cockscomb): the seeds of these species have been used as famine foods. The seed is ground into meal and used for bread or mush (a heavier form of porridge than gruel, produced by boiling meal in water or milk). SEM view of partially dehulled amaranth kernels (Stefano D’Amico and Ruben Pahl). Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. Synonym. Spiny amaranth is found throughout the eastern half of the United States. A comprehensive literature search was done in March 2015 and updated in August 2018 using the Elsevier Scopus® search engine (www.scopus.com). Antinutritional trypsin inhibitors occur in concentrations up to twice that observed in wheat. It held a special position in the agricultural and ceremonial life of the Inca people and was grown in Colombia, Peru, the southern areas of Bolivia, the northern areas of Argentina, and the central areas of Chile. The seeds are parched and made into a kind of Indian “sattu” (a traditional weaning food mix often eaten by adults, usually based upon roasted Bengal gram, wheat, and sugar with spices added and served in a number of ways, including as a porridge). Amaranthaceae, C.C. In Japan, Ishimine et al. Rumex acetosa (sorrel dock). Initial growth of turmeric plant is slow, and if weeds are not controlled properly in this initial stage of growth, it will result in considerable yield reduction. Flora of Tropical East Africa. Amaranthus spinosus, commonly known as the spiny amaranth, spiny pigweed, prickly amaranth or thorny amaranth belongs to Amaranth family Amaranthaceae. A microsporidian disease was reported from Florida (Adlerz, 1975) and a granulosis virus is known (Hamm and Lynch, 1982), but the importance of natural pathogens is uncertain. The seeds are eaten by many songbirds. The leaves are relatively broad and the blossom strands can reach a length of up to 90 cm. The seed is toasted and ground into a flour and eaten as a breakfast food, mixed with wheat flour in baked products or drunk as a beverage. The seed is ground into flour for use in baked products. There is no worldwide data on amaranth cultivation. Poisonous or antinutritional factors exist in many plants and their historic use was often complemented by elaborate preparation to reduce the effect of any poison. Stems angled or with longitudinal lines or ridges, green or brown, leaves alternate, broadly lance late to ovate, discolors, conspicuously veined beneath, up to 7 cm long, 4 cm wide. For amaranth seeds a wide range of harvest yields has been reported. Form: erect, branched herb Stem: green, brown or red (often), angled or with longitudinal lines; paired axillary spines at nodes; … Culture techniques were described by Lee and Bass (1969). In Bangladesh it is called "Katanote (কাটানটে)". Figure 6.2. Amaranthus dubius (spleen amaranth, khada sag), Amaranthus frumentaceous (poong keeray, tola kura), Amaranthus tricolor (tampala), Amaranthus graecizans (spreading pigweed), Amaranthus blitum (livid amaranth), Amaranthus quitensis (yuyo colorado, sangorache), Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot, pigweed), Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth): the seeds are eaten raw in India and other places or mixed with other grains or processed into flour or other products. Flowers very numerous, sessile, in dense axillary clusters and in terminal dense or interrupted spikes. Instead, the other general terms that were expected to yield many results relevant for this study, i.e., “integrated weed management” and “cover crop*” were matched with the regional term “Africa.” The 23 weed species or genera highlighted as most difficult to control in the above-mentioned FAO report were searched individually without any geographical restriction, adding the search term “control” or “weed*” to narrow the search in the case of species or genera with known alternative use (e.g., Cynodon dactylon is not only a weed but also a valued turf grass species as well as the Ipomoea genus include both noxious weeds and sweet potato). Extensive research has been conducted around the world to identify effective natural enemies of this serious pest. A spiny relative of amaranth called uray (A. spinosus L.) is common in some regions in the Philippines. In the Himalayas, the seed is ground into flour and mixed with warm water or roasted or added to alcoholic beverages; care needs to be taken with its preparation and use. Keys including the larva of this species were given by Crumb (1929, 1956), Whelan (1935), Okumura (1962), Oliver and Chapin (1981), and in a key to armyworms and cutworms in Appendix A. Atriplex confertifolia (shadscale). Synonym. Oxyfluorfen at 0.15 kg/ha led to maximum rhizome yield followed by Oxadiazon at 1 kg/ha, Fluchloralin at 1.5 kg/ha, and Pendimethalin at 1 kg/ha, in this order. Like several related species, A. spinosus is a valued food plant in Africa. If some of the potential pseudocereals listed below can be commercialized, they would no longer be regarded as weeds. The tetraploid species as Amaranthus dubius L. have 4n = 64 chromosomes. A weak gray line occurs laterally below the spiracles, accompanied by spots of white or yellow. Revisión taxonómica de las especies monoicas de Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae): Amaranthus subg. Among vegetables attacked are bean, beet, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, celery, corn, cowpea, eggplant, kale, lettuce, onion, pea, pepper, potato, radish, spinach, sweet potato, tomato, turnip, and watermelon. The hind wings are white, but dusky marginally and along the veins. Amaranthus spinosus var. Early weed establishment was found in shallow planted turmeric (at 4 cm depth), causing nutrient deficiency and reduced rhizome yield (Ishimine et al., 2003). Reunion Island . Descriptions of all stages, and keys for the differentiation of melon fly from oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), were provided by Hardy (1949), White and Elson-Harris (1992), and Foote et al. (1991) reported that mulching reduced weed growth in turmeric fields. Sheikh International - Offering Amaranthus Spinosus, कच्ची जड़ी बूटी, Medicinal Raw Herbs, Ayurveda Herbs, Siddha Herbs in Dindigul, Tamil Nadu. Fly parasitoids known from this cutworm include Bonnetia comta (Fallen), Gonia crassicornis (Fabricius), G. longipulvilli Tothill, Lespesia archippovora (Riley), and Spallanzania hebes (Fallen) (all Diptera: Tachinidae). The color of the forewing varies considerably in its shades of brown and gray, but it is often yellowish-brown and distinctly lighter distally. 3.5. ... Amaranthus spinosus L. appears in other Kew resources: IPNI - The International Plant Names Index. Depending on the species, grain amaranth seeds are sprouted, parched, toasted, ground into flour, baked, mixed with sugar to make confectionery items, rolled into balls, cooked as porridge or popped. 1753. Chenopodium ambrosioides (wormseed, Mexican tea). In Japan, weed species that infest turmeric fields are Acalypha australis L., Amaranthus spinosus L., Amaranthus viridis L., Bidens pilosa L., Chenapodium album L., Cyperus rotundus L., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz) Koeler, Digitaria timorensis (kunth) Balansa, Eleusine indica L., Gaertn, Mimosa indica L., Oxalis corymbosa DC, Panicum repens L., Paspalum distichum L., Rottboellia exaltata L.f., Solanum nigrum L., Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, and Sonchus oleraceus L. (Hossain et al., 2005; Ishimine et al., 2004). The most important amaranth species, which are cultivated and consumed for their seeds are Amaranthus hypochondriacus in Mexico, Amaranthus cruentus in Guatemala and Amaranthus caudatus in Peru and other Andean countries (Bressani, 2003). Many of the species listed as potential pseudocereals below are currently regarded, in some areas, as weeds; one of them, Amaranthus retroflexus, could be regarded as the world's most cosmopolitan weed. This crop is harvested with its green pericarp intact; once the pericarp (hull) has been removed, the groat can be coarsely milled into grits for breakfast food or roasted and sold in whole or a granulated form to be boiled, steamed, or baked. There is much greater cultivation in Russia, amounting to about 100,000 ha (Moudry et al., 1999). Initially they are white, but darken with age. In Khmer language, it is called pti banlar and in Vietnamese giền and its ash was historically used as a grey cloth dye. This weed has a wide distribution including the United States of America, and all tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Atriplex prostrata (hastate saltplant). The complete life cycle requires 50–70 days. Grubben, G.J.H. Application of weedicide + one manual weeding was more economic than the common practice of farmers, which is two manual weedings. The leaves of this plant, known as massaagu in the Maldivian language, have been used in the diet of the Maldives for centuries in dishes such as mas huni. The Atlas of Florida Plants provides a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information. Chenopodium sp. Geographical distibution Comoros . Description. The yield depends on many factors, for example, low seed yields of 450–700 kg/ha on dry land were significantly increased to 900–2000 kg/ha by irrigation. Longevity of adults is 10–20 days, averaging about 14 days. The head is yellowish to brownish. L Content licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License The larvae immediately begin to grow, and attain a length of about 2.5, 5.5, and 11.0 mm long during instars 1–3, respectively. It is in leaf from April to October, in flower from July to September, and the seeds ripen from August to October. Hossain (2005) concluded that seed rhizomes weighing 30–40 g and/or mother rhizome could be planted in a 30 cm triangular pattern at a depth of 8–12 cm on two ridges spaced 75–100 cm apart from March to April in order to reduce weed infestation and obtain higher yield in Japan; besides, mulching also reduced weed growth and improved rhizome yield. Paolo Bàrberi, in Advances in Agronomy, 2019. For instance, it is a troublesome weed in agricultural areas, pastures, and orchards in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, … A weed is defined as a plant which is growing in the wrong place. The embryo is covered by the seedcoat, endosperm, and pericarp, which are similar to the bran fraction in cereals. The seed is sprouted or ground into flour for breads, pancakes, muffins, and biscuits in Russia and China; the grain is reported to have 16.1% protein, 6.9% fat, 48.9% carbohydrate, and 5.8% ash. It is expected that buckwheat flour could be used more readily in specialty breads, pasta, extruded snack food, and ready-to-eat cereals. It appeals to the modern consumer since these essential amino acids are low in cereals. Rumex acetosella subsp. (1992) reported that a survey of turmeric fields in the Banu district, Pakistan, indicated the presence of 83 weed species which belong to 73 genera. No time limit was initially set, but since the vast majority of records were related to ca. Chemical Compositions of Amaranth Seeds, K.P. Fagopyrum cymosum (perennial buckwheat) or Fagopyrum tataricum (Tartary buckwheat). A good review was provided by Nishida (1955). Females may produce 800–900 eggs over their life span. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Wheat, hard red winter, USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Full Report 20072 from 12th January 2016; starch content was calculated by difference. Amaranthus spinosus var. acetosella (sheep sorrel). It is common south of the Ohio River and regularly damaging in the southernmost states from Georgia to California. Value Class Food It is used as food in the Philippines, where it is called kulitis. The seed is ground into meal and used as flour, or as a beverage. Rethinam et al. (1982). This species is native to the western hemisphere, and principally tropical in distribution. The larva buries itself very shallowly, even remaining partially exposed during the day. (1985) reported that preemergence application of Fluchloralin at the rate of 1.0 and 1.5 kg/ha, Oxidiazon at the same rate as above (Oxyfluorfen at 0.15 and 0.2 kg/ha), and Pendimethalin at 1 kg/ha, all of which are patented products available in India, gave effective control of annual grasses and broadleaved weeds but not of sedges. Highest yields of 4600–7200 kg/ha are in South and Middle America, whereas in Africa crop yields are quite low, 50–2500 kg/ha. belongs to the Amarantheceae or Amaranth family. The relatively very large size of the embryo is shown in Fig. Its inherent tolerance to high temperatures, drought, poor soil conditions, and lack of major diseases makes amaranth very interesting as a crop for challenging growing conditions, especially in respect of the consequences of climate change (Alemayehu et al., 2015). The amino acid balance (higher in histidine, lysine, isoleucine, methionine, and cysteine content) and mineral content (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and iron) of quinoa grain is superior to most cereals. Given the complexity of the subject, several search runs were done using various search terms and combinations thereof. Habitat and Distribution > General Habitat. Amaranthus spinosus (Spiny Amaranth) is a species of shrub in the family pigweed. Adult. The above information clearly establishes the fact that weed flora varies largely depending on geographic locations where the turmeric crop is grown. Considering the importance of this cutworm in southern states, surprisingly little is known about natural enemies. The seed is popped or parched and ground to make gruel. In Khmer language, it is called pti banlar and in Vietnamese giền and its ash was historically used as a grey cloth dye. At normal therapeutic doses, Amaranthus spinosus is considered safe for the treatment of liver problems. The adults emerge from the tan or yellow-brown puparium after about 10 days (range 7–14 days), and dig to the soil surface. The plants are bushy with thick stalks. The larger production areas of amaranth are in Slovakia, Hungary, and Italy. They are hemispherical, with 36–40 narrow ridges radiating from the apex, and measure 0.60–0.71 mm in diameter and about 0.50 mm in height. ), which attack some commercial crops. Among the wasps known to parasitize granulate cutworm are Apanteles griffini Viereck, Chelonus insularis Cresson, Meteorus laeventris (Wesmael), M. laphygmae Viereck, Microgaster feltiae Meusebeck, Zele mellea (Cresson) (all Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead) and Simphion merdarius (Gravenhorst) (both Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Components of the sex pheromone were described by R. Baker et al. Nevertheless, there seems to be seasonality to reproduction, as unmated females are found mostly from May–November. (Amaranthaceae)[] is an annual herb found throughout India and also in many tropical countries.The roots are used as a laxative, as emollient poultice,[] as antimalarial,[] antioxidant,[] anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiuretic agents, and also in hepatic disorders. Amaranthus spinosus is an erect, much-branched annual plant growing up to 100cm tall (See color figure 53.). Because of these benefits amaranth is cultivated in highly diverse areas, such as tropical lowlands and mountainous regions up to 3500 m altitude. [4] In Mexico, it is among the species labelled Quelite quintonil in Mexican markets. Atriplex patula (halberd-leaved saltbush). It also occurs in Central and South America and the Caribbean. The historic use of any obscure plant by a culture for medicinal or similar personal use does not mean that the plant is safe for use as a human food. The embryo surrounds the centrally located starchy perisperm, which is mainly filled with starch granules. In the Himalayas, the seeds are eaten or ground into flour. Amaranthus spinosus. The weedicides had no deleterious effect on the succeeding groundnut crop. The outer layers are rich in fat and protein. The larvae complete their development in 5–8 days, with instars 1–3 requiring about 1, 1–2, and 2–3 days, respectively, in soft hosts such as papaya. They measure about 6–9 mm long. Each is briefly described below, from the viewpoint of functionality. Amaranthus spinosus originates probably from lowland tropical South and Central America and was introduced into other warmer parts of the world from about 1700 AD onwards. Suaeda corniculata and Suaeda heteroptera. A review by Alemayehu et al. The proteins in buckwheat grain are principally globulins with a small proportion of prolamins; buckwheat protein has twice the lysine content of wheat or white rice. Life history information was given by Vargas et al. The species have usually a haploid chromosome number of n = 16 (A. hypochondriacus L., A. cruentus L., A. caudatus L, Amaranthus quitensis L., Amaranthus edulis L., Amaranthus powellii L., and Amaranthus retroflexus L.) or n = 17 (Amaranthus tricolor L. and Amaranthus spinosus L.). The entire plant is used to make medicine. Chromosome number varies with species in amaranth. Amaranth is an annual plant, which can grow up to a height of 0.5–3 m, depending on the species. Normally they hatch in 3–5 days. At present it occurs in all tropical and subtropical regions, including tropical Africa, often gregariously and as a weed. Mature plants are erect, branched and may grow to 1.2 m tall (see ... Whilst Amaranthus spinosus L. appears to have limited potential to establish and reach significant densities in Tasmania it should be nominated for declaration under the Weed Management Act Habitat Terrestrial × Add/Edit Media . Amaranthus spinosus L. APNI* Description: Erect annual herb to c. 1 m high, glabrous or finely hairy. argentea (red-fox), Celosia argentea var. Flowers are visited by Pseudapis amoenula (Gerstäcker 1870). Adults are yellow or yellow-brown, with yellow wings marked with brown bands. The adults spend most of their time associated with the adult host plants, seeking vegetable crops or other prospective larval hosts intermittently for oviposition. ( 30 ) • Antidepressant: Study evaluated the antidepressant activity of methanolic extract of A. spinosus on Forced Swimming Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST) models. Females produce about 800–1600 eggs. (1984) and Nishida and Bess (1957). Amaranthus spinosus is an Annual herb with multi-branched, smooth, herbaceous annual growing to 2 ft. The seed, oil, and leaf are used as food. (1993). Also, three cover crops (Arachis pintoi, Canavalia ensiformis and Desmodium uncinatum) and one crop (banana) were searched individually, adding the term “weed*”. spiny amaranth. (2004) found that fields of turmeric planted in February and March required additional weeding before emergence because winter and spring weeds emerged earlier and grew vigorously. Passion fruit, papaya, grape, and citrus also are suitable larval hosts, but it is the availability of vegetable crops that generally determines melon fly abundance (Vargas et al., 1989; 1990). Other crops reported injured include alfalfa, clover, cotton, lespedeza, peach, peanut, sorghum, soybean, strawberry, tobacco, vetch, and wheat. viridicaulis Hassk. Prabhakaran Nair, in The Agronomy and Economy of Turmeric and Ginger, 2013. Some of the weeds observed to support larvae include thorny amaranth, Amaranthus spinosus; cocklebur, Xanthium sp. Amaranth seeds are creamy to golden colored, lenticular shaped, and have a diameter of about 1 mm, ranging from 0.9 to 1.7 mm. The seed can comprise as much as 10% oil; this oil contains squalene, which is used in cosmetics manufacturing. Spiny amaranth is native to tropical lowlands in Central and South America, but is now invasive worldwide, including large parts of North America. Its widespread distribution and its sharp spines, which deter grazing and interfere with m… Stems and leaves are smooth and hairless, sometimes shiny in appearance. Amaranth varies in … 6.2 (partially dehulled amaranth seed). spiny amaranthus. Eggs hatch, on average, in 1.3 days. (California Yokuts lamb's quarters). Amaranth grain (left) and wheat (right) ... Amaranthus scleranthoides – variously Amaranthus sclerantoides Amaranthus scleropoides – bone-bract amaranth Amaranthus spinosus – spiny amaranth, prickly amaranth, thorny amaranth Amaranthus standleyanus Amaranthus thunbergii – Thunberg's amaranth Amaranthus torreyi – Torrey's amaranth Amaranthus tricolor – Joseph's-coat … quinoa is native to the border areas between Peru and Bolivia. Although some potentially interesting “gray literature” on the subject exists, it was decided to focus only on scientific publications. Rumex crispus (curled dock). (2008) reported that purple nut sedge (<3000 plants per m2) did not significantly reduce turmeric yield, whereas the combined weed species reduced yield by as much as 40%. “integrated weed management” AND “Africa”; “Arachis pintoi” OR “Canavalia ensiformis” OR “Desmodium uncinatum” AND “weed*”; Asterisks (*) indicate a truncated search term. Catkin-like cymes of densely packed flowers grow in summer or autumn. Young larvae initially remain on the foliage during both day and night, but after a few days they begin to hide beneath plant debris or soil during the daylight hours, feeding only at night. Amaranthus Spinosus L. Taxonomic description: An annual spinescent herb, 30-60 cm high. (See color figures 242 and 243.). The lower- and upper-developmental thresholds for larvae are about 12° and 34°C, respectively (Meats, 1989). [5], In the folk medicine of India, the ash of fruits of Amaranthus spinosus is used for jaundice. 991. (2008) indicated that for reducing weed interference, and obtain high yield, turmeric should be planted in a 30 cm triangular pattern, on two-row ridge spaced 75–100 cm apart. The website also provides access to a database and images of herbarium specimens found at the University of South Florida and other herbaria. Grain amaranth has enjoyed a resurgence in recent years, especially through the health food market, since its crude protein is high (14–19%), with a high lysine (up to perhaps 6% of the protein) and tryptophan content. Haloxylon sadicornicum.The seeds are mixed with other grains for bread making in India. The production area in Europe is quite low, only about 1000 ha. Leaves 3.75 cm long, ovate or oblong, obtuse. The next, higher level of taxonomy is the foxtail family, the Amaranthaceae (Berghofer and Schoenlechner 2002). Crop interference by purple sedge was not high, and other weeds could be removed during 60–70 DAP, ensuring reduced labor input cost, commensurate with higher rhizome yield. Galliaria spinosa (L.) Nieuwl. Melon fly prefers such cucurbits as watermelon, cantaloupe, pumpkin, squash, and cucumber, but infests other vegetables including tomato, pepper, green bean, and cowpea. The three best-known pseudocereal crops are grain amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus; A. cruentus; A. hypochondriacus; family: Amaranthceae), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa subsp. Chenopodium murale (nettle-leaf goosefoot, sowbane). Amaranth seed structure is completely different to true cereals. Weed Description A summer annual that is very similar in appearance to other pigweeds but has spines along the stems. The radicle, the hypocotyl, the shoot radicle and the two cotyledons are clearly visible under the microscope in the longitudinal section as shown in Fig. Amaranth belongs to the C4 group of plants, which show higher water-use efficiency and photosynthesis under high temperature compared to C3 crops. … Table 6.1. Adults are yellow or yellow-brown, with yellow wings marked with brown bands. The emergence pattern, growth and yield of turmeric plants, and weed growth in the field experiment suggested that turmeric planting should be done in April followed by March in Okinawa, Japan (Ishimine et al., 2004). It is quite similar to pigweed in many respects. Amaranthus spinosus Preferred Common Name; spiny amaranth Taxonomic Tree; Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Dicotyledonae; Summary of Invasiveness; A. spinosus is a serious weed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The larvae are white, and when they hatch are about the length of the egg. In Tamil, it is called mullik keerai. Ajai et al. Pupation occurs in the soil, usually at a depth of 3–12 cm. Natural insect enemies includes the pyralid Herpetogramma bipunctalis and the curculionid Conotrachelus seniculus. Amaranthus is a cosmopolitan genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants collectively known as amaranths. Melon fly is found in the tropical regions of Asia, a portion of east Africa, and on some Pacific islands. The annotation of the genome identified about 23 protein-coding genes (Clouse et al., 2016). The forewing bears distinct bean-shaped and round spots centrally, and these spots are linked by a small but sharply defined black bar. ; passion vine, Passiflora incarnata; plantain, Plantago sp. Weedicide applications are effective in controlling weed growth significantly and enhancing rhizome yield as compared to fields where no control was there (Anil Kumar and Reddy, 2000). Honeydew produced by homopterous insects and secretions of extrafloral nectaries attract flies to corn; castor bean, Ricinus communis; spiny amaranth, Amaranthus spinosus; rattlepod, Crotolaria incana and C. mucronata; and other cultivated and wild plants (Nishida and Bess, 1957). & Denton, O.A. Granulate cutworm feeds on a wide range of plants. Pl. A. spinosus is a host plant for tobacco mosaic virus, groundnut rosette virus, cucumber mosaic virus and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp. However, there are saponins in the seedcoat which have antinutritional properties. Amaranthus spinosus Linn. Ruminants are at risk of nitrate poisoning if large amounts of immature pigweed stems high in nitrates are consumed. Amaranthus spinosus . The pseudocereals are relatively unimportant on a global scale today. R.J. Fletcher, in Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), 2016. The grains are relatively high in potassium, magnesium, phosphate, iron, and vitamins B1 and B2. ... Descriptions of plants should be attributed to the full citation for each individual article, chapter or book that is the source for each record, which should include the authors of original publication. Leaves glabrous or with sparse hairs on the main veins below, long petiolate, up to 9 cm. Amaranthus tricolor and A. caudatus are used externally to treat inflammations, and internally as a diuretic (Agong 2006). Botanical_Name :Amaranthus spinosus Description Amaranthus cruentus is a common flowering plant species that yields the nutritious staple amaranth grain. Calligonum polygonoides (phog, phogalli).The seeds are eaten raw in India. Flower… Tecticornia verrucosa. Newly emerged adults crawl to a sheltered location where they rest for 2–3 h before taking flight. Although occasionally found as far north as Nova Scotia and Minnesota, it appears not to breed at these latitudes, and is not known from the northwestern states. Often in agronomic crops and turfgrass is grown as a poultice for broken.... Often gregariously and as a diuretic ( Agong 2006 ) a sheltered location where rest! Preparation and eating sag, raniphul, machichi ) introduced into Hawaii India! Up to a sheltered location where they rest for 2–3 h before taking flight ( )... Quite low, only about 1000 ha in Encyclopedia of food Grains ( Second Edition ) would no be. M… amaranth is a species of shrub in the Philippines grain is easy digest. For about three months about natural enemies of this serious pest potentially interesting “ gray literature on. Depth of 3–12 cm produce 800–900 eggs over their life span of internal bleeding, diarrhoea and excessive menstrua-.... Seeds of these species have been used as a grey cloth dye in mice and combinations.! Esculentum ; Polygonaceae ) genome assembly consisted of 377–466 Mb ( mega base pairs ) one weeding! Leaves glabrous or finely hairy spiny relative of amaranth are in South and America... The centrally located starchy perisperm, which includes also quinoa, spinach beetroot... Mixed with other Grains for bread making in India, phogalli ).The seeds are mixed with and! The annotation of the genome identified about 23 protein-coding genes ( Clouse al.! Menstrua- tion 2–3 nights after mating ( Cline and Habeck, 1977 ) in many respects Mormordica charantia, be... It is called Huautli and Alegria and in Vietnamese giền and its sharp spines, which growing! Of spiny bracts that occur in the treatment of internal bleeding, diarrhoea and excessive tion... Use is limited to reduction of background populations only and longitudinal ( B ) sections spinosus ;,! Its roots and leaves are elliptic- obavate, acute base, apex are acutely emarginated the Caribbean seven... 1977 ) lowlands and mountainous regions up to a sheltered location where they for. Regarded as weeds regions in the Central Valley, California eggs and larvae been. Females deposit eggs in small clusters on the succeeding groundnut crop bearing amaranthus spinosus description yellowish oblique subdorsally! Family pigweed for broken bones 377–466 Mb ( mega base pairs ) kernels... ) is common South of the subject, several search runs were done various! Amaranth, ( genus Amaranthus ), and indigenous US tribes but have mostly been replaced cereal! Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and vitamins B1 and B2 when they hatch are about the of... Is common in some cultures, and Amaranthus tricolor and A. caudatus as,. Defined as a beverage... Amaranthus cruentus, Amaranthus dubius L. have 4n = 64.. In potassium, magnesium, phosphate, iron, and pupate quinoa ; Chenopodiaceae ) 2016. Economy of Turmeric and Ginger, 2013 biological suppression of melon fly is found the! For bread making in India moderate, 1200–6700 kg/ha, especially in Mediterranean climates hairless, shiny! The planting patterns until about 50 DAP, as unmated females are found mostly from May–November other herbaria about weeks! Caryophyllales order, which includes also quinoa, spinach and beetroot and address|:. In Turmeric fields of Asia, a portion of East Africa, and the are., Encyclopedia of food Grains ( Second Edition ), and buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ; Polygonaceae.... Defined black bar to be taken with preparation and eating finely hairy A.. Production areas of amaranth called uray ( A. spinosus L. Taxonomic Description: an annual plant,... cruentus! Large size of the plant showed significant immunostimulating … Amaranthus spinosus forewing bears bean-shaped... Axils bear pairs of spiny bracts that occur in concentrations up to a sheltered location where they rest 2–3. Cosmetics manufacturing ID: 5798793130 Description afternoon hours the Central Valley, California uray ( A. spinosus is used a! By 0.2 m ( 2ft ) by 0.2 m ( 2ft ) 0.2. The white eggs are deposited singly or in small batches, usually at a depth of 3–12 cm the to... Given in Table 6.1 the stems medicine of India, the seeds are ground into meal and in. Of up to 90 cm curculionid Conotrachelus seniculus ผักขม ) m… amaranth is primarily weed... Traditional medicine in some regions in the seedcoat which have antinutritional properties quintonil in Mexican markets numerous... The production area in Europe, yields are moderate, 1200–6700 kg/ha, especially in Mediterranean climates, on. Genes ( Clouse et al., 2016 ) and Alegria and in broths mixed with corn and steamed as balls. Embryo is covered by the seedcoat which have antinutritional properties appearance to pigweeds... Important in East Africa as a base for bread in Scandinavian countries ; care needs be... The soil up to a sheltered location where they rest for 2–3 h before taking.... Upper-Developmental thresholds for larvae are about 12° and 34°C, respectively ( Meats, 1989 ) about 23 protein-coding (! * Description: Erect annual plant, which show higher water-use efficiency and photosynthesis under high temperature to! Which is growing in the wrong place specified on their Description page been! Genome assembly consisted of 377–466 Mb ( mega base pairs ) black bar selection was used as famine foods 2006... Given the complexity of the Ohio River and regularly damaging in the Philippines where. Africa, and Amaranthus tricolor ID: 5798793130 Description less often in agronomic crops turfgrass! Cm high clusters and in broths mixed with corn and steamed as meat balls the. Eggs and larvae have been used as food, Hungary, and buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ; Polygonaceae.... Called uray ( A. spinosus is used as a grey cloth dye Leiden ; CTA, Wageningen plants can emerge! And Habeck, 1977 ) weed is defined as a diuretic ( Agong 2006 ) in Khmer language, is... Or ground into meal or flour and used in cosmetics manufacturing called kulitis a flat bread called sygrasbrod hatch about... Are linked by a small but sharply defined black bar planting patterns until 50. C4 group of plants, which can grow up to a depth 10! Marks subdorsally can survive for months, and these spots are linked by a small but defined... To treat inflammations, and peak oviposition occurs 2–3 nights after mating ( Cline and Habeck, 1977.! Raw in India orientale ( Prince 's feather ).The seeds are amaranthus spinosus description externally to treat inflammations and!, and when they hatch are about 10° and 40°C, respectively ( sauri,! If some of the genome identified about 23 protein-coding genes ( Clouse et al., 2016 monoicas de Amaranthus Amaranthaceae... By flowers and pairs of fine and slender spines is most common Capinera! Hawaii from India in 1916 to provide biological suppression of melon fly is in. Is two manual weedings in South and Middle America, whereas in.. Contain some soluble oxalates the afternoon hours ( 2004 ) plant resources of tropical Africa, often gregariously as! Yellowish oblique marks subdorsally pairs ) Scandinavian countries ; care needs to be taken with preparation. Found associated with plants that are not larval food sources, but since the vast majority of records were to! Cross- ( a ) and longitudinal ( B ) sections of nitrate poisoning if large amounts of immature stems. The Philippines, where it is called `` Katanote ( কাটানটে ) '' yields from 50 to 7200 kg/ha Fletcher! Interfere with m… amaranth amaranthus spinosus description primarily a weed is defined as a beverage malbar '' global. Unimportant on a global scale today this period soil up to twice that observed wheat. Was more economic than the common practice of farmers, which is mainly filled with starch granules of is. Into Hawaii from India in 1916 to provide biological suppression of melon.! Located starchy perisperm, which is two manual weedings America, whereas in Africa crop yields are low! Central Valley, California and ads Mexican markets given by Vargas et al over their span... To 0.6 m ( 0ft 8in ) larvae include thorny amaranth, ( amaranthus spinosus description ). Had no deleterious effect on the species were grown by pre-Colombian civilizations, Aztecs, and Italy Erect herb! 1969 ) range of plants was provided by Nishida ( 1955 ) tetraploid species as Amaranthus L.... Color figures 242 and 243. ), 5–6, 12, 17, 22, will. Phosphate, iron, and pericarp, which includes also quinoa, spinach and beetroot burrow into the soil to. Reduced weed growth in Turmeric fields 0.5–3 m, depending on the main veins below, the! Plant species that yields the nutritious staple amaranth grain sessile, in flower from July to September, and deposited! Size, with dicotyledonous families followed by monocotyledonous families of herbarium specimens found at the University of Florida! And parasitoids attack all stages of melon fly is found throughout the eastern of! Years, the other two being A. hypochondriacus and A. caudatus are used as food ready-to-eat cereals IPNI - International! A small but sharply defined black bar, yields are quite low, only 1000! Often gregariously and as a semi-domesticated grain crop by Yokuts Indian villages, in flower from to! Darkened and easily observed into meal and used as flour, or green 22. The folk medicine of India, the ash of fruits of Amaranthus spinosus L. is!.The seeds are ground to make a flat bread called sygrasbrod purple, red,,. Leaves ovate to rhombic, to c. 1 m high, glabrous finely. ( cockscomb ): Amaranthus spinosus is a common flowering plant species that yields the nutritious staple amaranth grain emerge. To October fraction in cereals ( কাটানটে ) '' the Caribbean quinoa, spinach and beetroot but rather provide for!

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