ابي ‎), better known as Abd el-Krim (1882, Ajdir – 6 February 1963) was a Berber political and military leader. The war was the last and perhaps most significant of many confrontations between the Berber peoples inhabiting the region and the Spanish. The Spanish government handed over the administration and “pacification” of the protectorate to the Spanish army. Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rif Rebellion | David S. Woolman | download | Z-Library. The Rif War was fought between Spanish colonial forces and local Rif fighters led by Abd el-Krim. Morocco, history, rulers, politics. Around 100,000 demonstrators took to the streets of the Moroccan capital Rabat on 11 June in solidarity with the mass movement in the Rif region, following a crackdown by the authorities and the arrest of movement leaders. Start your review of Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rif Rebellion. 6 comments. A few days after their arrest, 31 of the detainees were transferred to Casablanca for interrogation, raising fears that they would be charged with state security or terrorism offences. By early 1925 Abd el-Krim was at the height of his power and influence, controlling at least three-fourths of the protectorate. The Rif region is mountainous and has some fertile plains, and stretches from Cape Spartel and Tangier in the west to Berkane and the Moulouya River in the east and from the Mediterranean in the north to the Ouergha River in the south. It regained the territory it had lost in 1921. The French Protectorate in Morocco ... Rif Rebellion. Interview by Cole Stangler. From 1925, after Rif forces entered French possessions in Morocco, Spanish and French forces coordinated their operations against the Rif. ( Log Out /  Riffians (in Tarifit Irifiyen), by others also known as Riyafa or Rwafa, are a Moroccan Berber-speaking people of Northwestern Africa, who derive their name from the Riff region in the northern edge of Morocco. Between 26 May and 31 May, Moroccan security forces rounded up 71 people following protests in the Rif’s regional capital, Al Hoceima and the neighbouring towns of Imzouren and Beni Bouayach. ( Log Out /  Solidarity with political prisoners in Algeria, Open letter: Stand in solidarity with the revolutions in Algeria and Sudan, Revolution, resistance and imperialism in the Middle East (Manchester), Stand with Fadila: solidarity is not a crime, Hirak activists sentenced to 230 years in jail in “judicial massacre” by Moroccan regime, Hundreds of trade unionists launch petition in solidarity with prisoners in Morocco. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. That hasty evacuation panicked the Spanish troops, who fled Annual and subsequent fall-back positions in general disorder. That retreat empowered the Rif who were behind the Spanish lines, and Abd el-Krim and his followers pushed the Spanish forces back to Melilla. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? Flag of the Rif Republic (1921–1926) Sultan Yusef's reign, from 1912 to 1927, was turbulent and marked with frequent uprisings against Spain and France. Picture: Al-Mounadila newspaper via Facebook. He and his brother Mhemmed led a large-scale revolt by a coalition of Berber Riffian tribes against French and Spanish colonization of the Rif, in northern Morocco. That did not happen immediately, as enlisting support from other groups and political and religious elites was not always easy for Abd el-Krim. The issue of political and military responsibilities associated with the rout became a leitmotif in Spanish politics for a number of years. Check out our rif rebellion selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. 191 Rif Rebellion Rebels - Rif War - Mounted Fugures Registered users can share their experience with this product. Januar 8, 2020 Januar 8, 2020 Adra Ghadu 0 Kommentare January 1984, King Hassan II, Moroccan army, The Rif rebellion. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Find books Write a review. About 43,500 Spanish troops were killed or wounded or went missing during the war; Spain’s ally France counted about 18,000 as killed, wounded, or missing. Download books for free. Omissions? Spanish efforts to regain that territory continued until 1926, when the Rif War ended. Among those arrested was Nasser Zefzafi, an important protest leader from Al Hoceima. Posted on October 8, 2020. Tension between colonial Spanish forces and Rif peoples in northern Morocco culminated in a series of guerrilla attacks led by Berber leader Abd el-Krim on Spanish fortifications in June–July 1921. Britannica Kids Holiday Bundle. What was the motivation of the Rif rebellion/republic? They were a fiercely independent people who no more welcomed domination from a sultan in far-off Fez than they did from Spanish colonial troops. I read about it and the war but I can't seem to get into the "why" aspect of how it happened. Fernández Silvestre’s chief objective was to secure the strategic Alhucemas Bay in the central Rif as expeditiously as possible and to pacify the Beni Urriaguel, the most-significant, bellicose, and independent group in the Rif. Algeria: Rif Protests in Morocco Offer Hope to Kabyle Nationalists Washington DC - The current protests in Morocco’s northern region of the Rif pose a … Exploring Morocco’s Rif Region. Abd el-Krim’s forces moved quickly to fill the territorial and power vacuum created by the retreat. The Rif or Riff (Berber: Arif, Arrif or Nekkor,ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ Arabic: الريف or النكور) is a geographical and cultural region in northern Morocco.. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Despite Abd el-Krim’s continued resistance and the proclamation of the Republic of the Rif in 1923, the situation remained stalemated. In the middle of the Cold War between the major superpowers at that time, the US and the USSR (1), Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Reconsidering the Rif Revolt (1958-59) It is in this way that Hassan II (1961-1999) addressed himself to the inhabitants of northwest Morocco—and to the rest of the population—in reaction to the riots of 1984. The initial reaction in Spain was disbelief, followed by outrage. 0 Reviews. The result of that tension was a series of guerrilla attacks by Abd el-Krim’s forces on Spain’s advanced fortifications in June–July 1921, which culminated in Fernández Silvestre’s ill-considered decision to abandon the frontline post of Annual (Anwal) on July 22, 1921. ( Log Out /  That relationship ended abruptly in 1919 when the Abd el-Krims realized that the Spanish were intent on the military occupation and domination of their group. Biography & Autobiography / Historical History / Africa / General History / Africa / North Morocco Rif Revolt, 1921-1926 : The Rif War occurred primarily in the Rif, a mountainous region of northern Morocco. Search on Facebook for Hirak – Morocco Solidarity Initiative UK for more information.Â. Rif War, also called War of Melilla, Rif also spelled Riff, (1921–26), conflict between Spanish colonial forces and Rif peoples led by Muhammad Abd el-Krim. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. These "Peninsular" troops were poorly supplied and prepared, few had marksmanship skills and proper battle training, and widespread corruption was reported amongst the officer corps, reducing sup… Enter your email address and receive notifications of new posts by email. Was hoping someone here could tell me that. In spite of its liberal image abroad, Morocco tolerates little dissent at home. Shannon Fleming holds a doctorate in modern European history from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. What are your thoughts? Initially, the Spanish forces in Morocco were largely composed of conscripts and reservists from Spain itself. The evacuation also reflected a general war weariness among a significant portion of the Spanish populace, as well as a realization that the conflict was costing the Spanish treasury more than it could afford. The Rif War lasted from June 1921 to May 1926. Manuel Fernández Silvestrewas named General Commander of Melilla. This w… This was undoubtedly the worst military disaster suffered by a colonial power since the Italian debacle at Adwa in Ethiopia in 1896. The background --Spanish Morocco --Spanish relations with Morocco before 1912 --The Spanish protectorate, 1912-1921 --Abd el Krim --Anual --The slow road back --Primo de Rivera --The year of Chaouen --Abd el Krim's wartime government --The French threaten --War with France --The end of the Rif Rebellion --Abd el Krim's legacy --Conclusion. However over the winter, the movement outside the Rif retreated, while repression within the Rif intensified, perhaps reflecting the regime’s calculation that the protest movement had been contained and isolated. It was fought mainly in the Rif, a mountainous region of northern Morocco. Hossein Nadorian rated it it was amazing Jul 29, 2013. Al Hoceima, at the foothills of the Rif, a northern mountain region with a long history of rebellion, has been the center of a protest movement for eight months. The Rif War or Rebellion (1920-1930) It seemed that lasting peace would come to the Protectorate, especially with the ... republic is a free and sovereign military and political association of tribes living in the Rif Mountains of northern Morocco. It was fought primarily in the Rif, a mountainous region of northern Morocco. share. posted on: Apr 18, 2018. ... Northern Africa > Morocco. The Rif rebellion . David S. Woolman. Rif, also called Rif Mountains, Arabic Al-Rif, mountain range of northern Morocco, extending from Tangier to the Moulouya River valley near the Moroccan-Algerian frontier. That state of affairs persisted until September 1924, when the Spanish government, under the recently installed dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera, decided to evacuate thousands of troops from hundreds of isolated positions in the western part of the protectorate to a fortified line 6 miles (10 km) south of Tetuán. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. On June 27, fifty-two activists tied to recent protests in the state’s northern Rif region were sentenced to prison terms. Change ). 3 users. In addition, the Spanish army had regrouped on the eastern front, invoking the Reconquista—the Christian effort to drive the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages—in a bid to regain lost territory. It was questionable whether that conscript force had the resources, leadership, training, and morale to carry out the charge effectively. Arrests of the leaders of the al-Hirak al-Sha’abi (Popular Movement) — Nasser Zefzafi, Najib Ahamjik and Silya Ziani — angered, rather than intimidated, the public. Historians debate whether the Rif War is better understood as a secular insurgency against a colonial power or a war in defense of Islam and Berber independence. He achieved something that nobody had ever done, and he crossed most of the Rif without having to fire a shot and offering the tribes' chiefs money instead. Middle East Solidarity magazine issue 6 out now. That territory was contiguous with Spain’s long-established enclaves of Melilla and Ceuta and reflected Spain’s desire to reestablish a colonial presence after the humiliating losses of the Spanish-American War (1898). Demonstrators also called for the release of political prisoners at a protest in London on 12 June in solidarity with the movement in Morocco. However, Spanish efforts were seriously constrained by ambivalent government policy and a lack of public support for what had become an unpopular colonial war. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion. Stanford University Press, 1968 - Biography & Autobiography - 257 pages. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. In November 1912, owing to British insistence that a buffer be created between French North Africa and Britain’s strategic base at Gibraltar, the French granted Spain a protectorate “sublease” of 7,700 square miles (20,000 square km) along Morocco’s Mediterranean coast. Indeed, six years of subsequent military effort still left about three-fourths of the protectorate “unpacified.”. Unfortunately for Spain, much of the protectorate was an inaccessible rural backwater of difficult mountainous terrain inhabited by dozens of Berber groups, known collectively as the Rif. articles History Imazighen morocco politic . Picture: Al-Mounadila newspaper via Facebook, Event: North Africa at the Crossroads – 7pm Tues 11 July, SOAS – book online now. The response of the Rif was one of surprise and elation, followed by an effort to extend the rebellion into other parts of the central Rif and beyond. NOW 50% OFF! Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Within weeks, Spain lost all of its territory in the region. The war was the last and perhaps the most significant of many confrontations over the centuries between the Rif—the Berber peoples inhabiting the region—and the Spanish. A commission headed by Gen. Juan Picasso González was set up in August 1921 to investigate the debacle and to fix military responsibility for it. Fernando rated it liked it Oct 25, 2017. In the process he replaced a hierarchical society with a centralized bureaucracy and fighting force, a Muslim legal code, international trade arrangements, and a nascent network of roads and telecommunications. The title of this set is more than a little vague, since it could be argued that the people of the Rif region in northern Morocco were in almost constant rebellion. It highlighted negligible military leadership, poor troop morale and training, problematic frontline logistics, shoddy equipment, and the generally pitiable state of Spain’s colonial army. By Habeeb Salloum/Arab America Contributing Writer “I’m anxious and excited! In March 1912 Sultan Mulai Hafid signed a treaty in which he recognized a French protectorate over Morocco. menasolidaritynetwork / June 16, 2017. Outside the Rif, the solidarity movement also surged ahead, with huge numbers joining the demonstration in the capital on 11 June. The Abd el-Krims were a leading Beni Urriaguel family, and they had collaborated for many years with the Spanish authorities in Melilla. Lawyers for the detainees told Amnesty International they saw signs of beatings on their bodies, and that the prisoners had been insulted and in some cases threatened with rape. Berenguer’s primary focus was to make cautious advances into the mountainous Yebala region and occupy the holy city of Chefchaouene. Log in or Sign up log in sign up. This only changed when the French/Spanish forces in 1926 defeated the Rif rebellion led by Abd El-Karim El-Khattabi. Note: During the period covered by this record, there are numerous "pretenders" being proclaimed rulers, in part because of the multiplicity of historic capitals.Their names appear here, with each one being indicated as "in rebellion." That evacuation, which cost the Spanish army at least 2,000 dead or missing, caused great discontent among the upper ranks of the Spanish colonial army; one of the most vocal of those so-called Africanista officers was Francisco Franco, then commander of the Spanish Foreign Legion. For the greater part of its 180-mile (290-km) length, the range hugs the Mediterranean Sea, leaving only a few narrow coastal valleys suitable for agriculture or urban settlement.. In February he launched a large raid on Tétouan to demonstrate that the rebellion … rif rebellion morocco. The establishment of the French protectorate in Morocco in March 1912 resulted from the implosion of the Moroccan polity after decades of European interference in Moroccan affairs. The impact of the Rif rebellion was also felt north of the Strait of Gibraltar. The year 1921 will long be remembered in Spain on account of the signal disaster which befell Spanish arms and prestige in Morocco. He is the author of. Berenguer, based in the protectorate capital of Tétouan in the western part of the zone, was assisted in the east by his more-aggressive subordinate, Gen. Manuel Fernández Silvestre. The most belligerent Rif forces were barricaded in Al Hoceima, in the heart of the Rif Mountains. Rif Rebellion Essay For centuries Spain controlled the mountainous areas from Ceuta to Melilla in northern Morocco. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Rif War: Spain's War in the Rif of Northern Morocco, 1920-1927 One of the least cited "inter-war" conflicts which was also apart of the neo-colonialism era of the 20th century, the Rif War or Riffian Rebellion in Morocco was bloody and multi-state conflict. ( Log Out /  In the wake of Mohsin’s death, protests erupted across Morocco, linking issues of corruption, unemployment and social justice with the demands of the Rif’s Amazigh-speaking population for cultural, economic and social rights. In 1921 begins to move his troops towards the mountain city planning put a stop to the resistance. Although those groups were nominally subject to the Moroccan sultan’s authority, most preserved considerable local autonomy and were absolutely opposed to being ruled by Spanish Christians. : You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Demonstrators in London call for solidarity with political prisoners. After his father’s death in 1920, Muhammad Abd el-Krim, a man of considerable leadership and organizational skills, along with his brother and other members of his extended family, undertook to galvanize his group and neighbouring peoples against the Spanish advances. save hide report. The Rif movement exploded in October 2016 following the murder of Al Hoceima fish-seller Mohsin Fikri, who was crushed to death in the back of a bin lorry while municipal officials tried to confiscate his wares. Spain won the Rif War. Spanish artillery firing outside Melilla during the Rif War. Morocco: Rif rebellion comes to Rabat. The Rif rebellion of January 1984. The revival of mass protests in the capital follows months of demonstrations in the Rif raising a range of demands for political reform and social change. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Event: North Africa at the Crossroads – 7pm Tues 11 July, SOAS – book online now . In a matter of weeks, Spain had lost all of the territory it had occupied since 1909 and suffered anywhere from 8,000 to 10,000 deaths, including that of Fernández Silvestre. «Rif Committee» : When El Khattabi dreamed of launching an armed rebellion in Morocco. Rif War (1921–26), conflict between Spanish colonial forces and Rif peoples led by Muhammad Abd el-Krim. But since Fikri’s death last year, a new set of protests have started to take place in Morocco’s Rif region, known historically for its rebellion against central authority. Often he had to combine either the threat or the use of force with an appeal to religious and xenophobic sensibilities. (Spanish forces continued fighting pockets of Rif resistance until July 1927, however, when Spain declared the region “pacified.”). Register to access all of the benefits reserved to registered users or click on login if you are already registered. In 1958, two years after Morocco’s independence, Sultan Mohammed V declared Krim a national hero, restored his confiscated property, and invited him to return to Morocco, which Krim declined to do. 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